MIT research shows North American data centre power consumption jumped from 2,688 to 5,341 megawatts in 2023, driven partly by generative AI deployments, raising urgent environmental concerns for enterprise implementation strategies.
A new MIT paper, "The Climate and Sustainability Implications of Generative AI," reveals that enterprise AI deployments create unprecedented environmental challenges beyond direct energy costs. The research, authored by MIT faculty and researchers in response to an Institute-wide call for papers, highlights critical sustainability concerns organisations must address.
"What is different about generative AI is the power density it requires. Fundamentally, it is just computing, but a generative AI training cluster might consume seven or eight times more energy than a typical computing workload," explains Noman Bashir, Computing and Climate Impact Fellow at MIT Climate and Sustainability Consortium (MCSC) and postdoc in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).
The research identifies several critical environmental impacts. Data centres globally consumed 460 terawatts of electricity in 2022, equivalent to being the world's 11th largest electricity consumer. This consumption is projected to reach 1,050 terawatts by 2026. While not all data centre computation involves generative AI, the technology has significantly driven these increasing energy demands.
The study points to specific operational impacts: Researchers estimate a ChatGPT query consumes approximately five times more electricity than a simple web search. Training large models like GPT-3 can consume 1,287 megawatt hours of electricity—enough to power about 120 average U.S. homes for a year—generating approximately 552 tons of carbon dioxide.
Water consumption presents another critical challenge. According to researchers' estimates, data centers need approximately two liters of water for cooling per kilowatt hour of energy consumed. This resource demand mainly affects facilities in water-stressed regions.
Hardware supply chain impacts are also significant. Market research firm TechInsights data shows data center GPU shipments increased from 2.67 million in 2022 to 3.85 million in 2023, with more significant increases expected in 2024.
Organisations must now consider environmental impact assessment in their AI implementation strategies. The research suggests current development paths are unsustainable without careful consideration of environmental costs alongside perceived benefits.