Regulation and Policy

Kenya lacks a national AI strategy but advances digital transformation. Data protection laws enacted but faces challenges in privacy and algorithmic transparency.

Kazakhstan lacks AI expertise but pursues development. Initial steps on AI regulation taken, but concerns over surveillance and privacy persist. International engagement increasing.

Mexico's 2018 AI strategy is on hold. A multi-stakeholder agenda was issued in 2020. Data protection laws exist, but concerns over surveillance and rights persist.

Kuwait lacks a national AI strategy but addresses AI within its Vision 2035 plan. It endorsed UNESCO's AI Ethics Recommendation but faces challenges in data protection and rights.

Luxembourg's AI strategy prioritises human-centric, trustworthy AI. It enforces GDPR, opposes autonomous weapons, and conducted public consultations on AI policy in 2020.

Estonia's 2022 AI strategy emphasises trustworthy AI. The country plans laws for high-risk algorithmic systems and explores AI in public services, balancing innovation and ethics.